Emergency Medicine Registrar
**Emergency Trauma Assessment**
34 years old
Patient gender: M
BIBA
One line summary of presentation: 34-year-old male involved in a high-speed motor vehicle collision, presenting with altered consciousness and significant facial trauma.
**Pre-Arrival:**
Pre arrival Notification: Paramedics reported patient extricated from vehicle after high-speed frontal impact. GCS 9 at scene, intubated orally en route. Field vitals: BP 90/60, HR 120, SpO2 92% on 100% O2. Large bore IV access established in left antecubital fossa, 500ml normal saline bolus given.
Mechanism of Injury: High-speed motor vehicle collision, frontal impact with significant intrusion into driver's side. Estimated speed >100 km/h. Significant vehicle damage. No obvious blood at scene, no other fatalities reported.
Trauma call: yes, activated due to high-speed MVC, intubated patient, and GCS <10.
**Arrival:**
Time of Patient Arrival: 1 November 2024 at 14:30
Trauma Team Activation Time: 1 November 2024 at 14:15
Team Members Present: Dr. A. Sharma (Trauma Lead), Dr. E. Davies (Anaesthetics), Nurse S. Patel (Trauma Nurse), Nurse R. Green (Resus Nurse), HCA J. Brown.
**EMS Hand-off:**
Time of Handoff Completion: 1 November 2024 at 14:35
Key Findings from EMS Report: GCS 9 (E2V2M5) pre-intubation. Intubated due to declining GCS. HR 120, BP 90/60. Mechanism of injury was head-on collision. Pre-hospital interventions included intubation, IV access, and 500ml normal saline.
Paramedic Handover - Mechanism of Injury: Patient was driver in head-on collision at approximately 110 km/h. Significant front-end damage to vehicle, dashboard intrusion.
**Immediate Life Threats Noted:** Hypovolaemic shock, altered mental status, airway secured by intubation.
**Primary Survey (ABCDE Assessment):**
**Vital Signs:**
RR: 18 (ventilator-controlled), SpO2: 98% (on ventilator), HR: 115, BP: 95/65 (MAP: 75), T: 36.5C, GCS: 3 (E: 1, V: 1, M: 1) (post-intubation)
Central Capillary Refill Time: 3 seconds, slightly prolonged.
**Airway & C-spine:**
Patent: Secure, 7.5 ETT in situ, confirmed with equal bilateral breath sounds and EtCO2. No blood or vomit in airway.
Verbal Response: Not applicable, intubated.
Airway Interventions: Oral endotracheal intubation by paramedics (7.5 ETT at 23cm at lips).
Cervical spine status including precautions and collar type: C-spine immobilised with hard collar and head blocks, awaiting imaging.
**Breathing:**
Chest Wall Examination: Symmetrical chest rise, no obvious external signs of trauma. Palpation reveals no crepitus or instability. No paradoxical movement.
Trachea Position & JVD: Trachea midline. No jugular venous distension.
Breath Sounds: Bilateral equal breath sounds heard on auscultation.
Oxygenation/Ventilation: SpO2 98% on 100% O2. EtCO2 35 mmHg.
**Circulation:**
External Bleeding: Minor facial lacerations, controlled. No other active external bleeding sites.
Internal Bleeding Suspicion: E-FAST results: Positive for free fluid in Morison's pouch and splenorenal recess, suggesting intra-abdominal haemorrhage.
Blood Pressure & Pulses: BP 95/65. Radial pulses weak but present bilaterally. Dorsalis pedis pulses weak but present bilaterally.
Pelvic Stability & Intervention: Pelvis stable on gentle compression. No pelvic binder placed.
Blood products transfused including units of red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma: 2 units packed red blood cells transfused, 1 unit fresh frozen plasma administered.
Details of vascular access established including arterial lines and intravenous cannulas with their locations: Left antecubital 16G IV, Right antecubital 18G IV, Right femoral arterial line inserted.
**Disability (Neurologic Status & Cervical Spine Status):**
Pupil Examination: Pupils 4mm, sluggishly reactive to light bilaterally. No PEARL.
Extremity Movement: No purposeful movement to pain in any extremity. Withdrawal reflex noted in bilateral upper limbs to noxious stimuli.
**Exposure:**
Complete Undressing: Confirmed, patient fully exposed for assessment.
Hypothermia Prevention: Patient covered with Bair Hugger warm air blanket and warm IV fluids commenced.
Log Roll for Back Assessment: No step-offs or gross deformities noted. No saddle anaesthesia. Minor bruising noted over left scapula, otherwise intact.
Investigations:
Blood results:
Haemoglobin 98 g/L, Lactate 4.2 mmol/L, pH 7.28, Base Excess -6.
Venous blood gas results: pH 7.28, pCO2 55 mmHg, pO2 38 mmHg, Bicarb 20 mmol/L, Lactate 4.2 mmol/L.
Chest X-ray findings: Normal lung fields, ETT in good position, no pneumothorax/haemothorax.
Pelvic X-ray findings: Pelvis intact, no fractures identified.
CT Trauma: Head CT: Subdural haematoma (left parietal), diffuse axonal injury. C-spine CT: C5/C6 facet dislocation. Chest CT: Bilateral pulmonary contusions. Abdominal CT: Grade III splenic laceration with perisplenic fluid, moderate haemoperitoneum.
Out of binder pelvic X-ray findings: N/A (no binder placed).
**Assessment & Plan:**
Summary of Findings: Patient is a 34-year-old male with significant polytrauma post-MVC, currently intubated and hypotensive requiring blood products, with active haemorrhage and severe head injury.
* Subdural haematoma and diffuse axonal injury.
* C5/C6 facet dislocation.
* Bilateral pulmonary contusions.
* Grade III splenic laceration with haemoperitoneum.
* Haemorrhagic shock.
Interventions Performed:
* Oral endotracheal intubation (pre-hospital).
* Fluid resuscitation with 2L crystalloid and 2 units PRBC, 1 unit FFP.
* Arterial line insertion.
Pending Procedures & Investigations:
* Neurosurgical consultation for head injury and C-spine.
* Trauma surgery consultation for splenic injury.
* Full C-spine precautions maintained until cleared by Neurosurgery.
* Repeat CT abdomen/pelvis post-resuscitation.
* Monitor intracranial pressure.
Disposition: Transfer to Operating Room for emergent laparotomy and then ICU for ongoing management and neuro-monitoring.
Consultations: Neurosurgery, Trauma Surgery, Anaesthetics (ongoing care).
**Emergency Trauma Assessment**
[Patient age] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
[Patient gender: M for male, F for female, or X for non-binary] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
[BIBA if brought in by ambulance, or PW if presents via other means] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
[One line summary of presentation] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
**Pre-Arrival:**
Pre arrival Notification: [Pre-hospital report including mechanism of injury, field vitals, and any pre-arrival interventions] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Mechanism of Injury: [Mechanism of injury including blunt versus penetrating trauma, velocity of impact, vehicle damage, presence of blood at scene, or other fatalities] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Trauma call: [State yes if trauma call was activated and document the rationale] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
**Arrival:**
Time of Patient Arrival: [Exact time of patient arrival] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Trauma Team Activation Time: [Exact time trauma activation was initiated] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Team Members Present: [List of all team members involved in initial trauma assessment] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
**EMS Hand-off:**
Time of Handoff Completion: [Time handoff completed] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Key Findings from EMS Report: [Summary of findings such as vital signs, pre-hospital interventions, mechanism of injury] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Paramedic Handover - Mechanism of Injury: [Mechanism of injury as handed over by paramedic team] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript during paramedic handover, else omit section entirely.)
**Immediate Life Threats Noted:** [Critical findings requiring immediate intervention] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
**Primary Survey (ABCDE Assessment):**
**Vital Signs:**
RR: [Respiratory rate] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.), SpO2: [Oxygen saturation] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.), HR: [Heart rate] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.), BP: [Blood pressure] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.) (MAP: [Mean arterial pressure] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)), T: [Temperature with C for Celsius or F for Fahrenheit] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.), GCS: [Total GCS score] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.) (E: [Eyes score 1-4] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.), V: [Voice score 1-5] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.), M: [Movement score 1-6] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.))
Central Capillary Refill Time: [Capillary refill status] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
**Airway & C-spine:**
Patent: [Airway assessment for obstruction due to blood, vomit, or trauma] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Verbal Response: [Patient's ability to speak and any abnormal sounds] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Airway Interventions: [Airway management steps taken] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
[Cervical spine status including precautions and collar type] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
**Breathing:**
Chest Wall Examination: [Findings from inspection and palpation of chest] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Trachea Position & JVD: [Tracheal deviation or jugular venous distension] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Breath Sounds: [Presence or absence of bilateral breath sounds] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Oxygenation/Ventilation: [Oxygen saturation, EtCO2 monitoring results] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
**Circulation:**
External Bleeding: [Major bleeding sites and control measures] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Internal Bleeding Suspicion: [E-FAST results if performed] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Blood Pressure & Pulses: [Blood pressure and comparison of radial and dorsalis pedis pulses bilaterally] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Pelvic Stability & Intervention: [Whether pelvic binder was placed and rationale] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
[Blood products transfused including units of red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
[Details of vascular access established including arterial lines and intravenous cannulas with their locations] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
**Disability (Neurologic Status & Cervical Spine Status):**
Pupil Examination: [Pupil size and reactivity, PEARL bilat if pupils equal and reactive bilaterally] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Extremity Movement: [Findings on motor function] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
**Exposure:**
Complete Undressing: [Confirmation that patient was fully exposed for assessment] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Hypothermia Prevention: [Use of warm blankets, fluid warmers] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Log Roll for Back Assessment: [Findings from spinal and posterior assessment including saddle anaesthesia and major bruising] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
Investigations:
Blood results:
[Laboratory values with specific parameters and results] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
[Venous blood gas results] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
[Chest X-ray findings] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
[Pelvic X-ray findings] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
CT Trauma: [CT trauma scan findings] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
[Out of binder pelvic X-ray findings] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)
**Assessment & Plan:**
Summary of Findings: [Key injuries, Glasgow Coma Scale, haemodynamic status] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely. Do not invent or infer a diagnosis. Write initial summary on one line, then list all subsequent findings as bullet points.)
Interventions Performed: [Airway management, chest tube placement, fluid resuscitation, blood products administered] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely. List as bullet points.)
Pending Procedures & Investigations: [Procedures yet to be completed or investigations pending] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely. List as bullet points.)
Disposition: [ICU admission, operating room, imaging, interventional radiology] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely. List as bullet points.)
Consultations: [List of specialists consulted] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, else omit section entirely.)