RE: Mrs. Evelyn Reed
Dear Dr. Eleanor Vance,
Thank you for referring this patient for review.
Accompanied by: Mr. David Reed, husband
Referred by: Dr. Eleanor Vance
Although her history is well known to you, I will reiterate it for my records.
- Reason for consultation: Evaluation of progressive gait difficulties, right-sided tremor, and cognitive decline.
- Detailed history of the presenting complaint: Mrs. Reed, a 72-year-old female, has experienced a gradual onset of symptoms over the past 18 months. Initially, she noticed mild unsteadiness while walking, which has progressively worsened, leading to frequent falls. She reports a right-sided resting tremor that is more pronounced when she is at rest and diminishes with voluntary movement. Additionally, her family has observed a decline in her memory and executive function, including difficulty with planning and problem-solving. The last time she felt normal was approximately two years ago. The symptoms have been gradually worsening. There is no clear pattern to the symptoms, but they seem to be exacerbated by stress and fatigue. She has not received any previous treatments for these symptoms.
- Detailed history of motor fluctuations during the day: Mrs. Reed reports that her symptoms are generally worse in the morning, with increased rigidity and slowness. She has not yet started any medications for her symptoms. She denies any dyskinesias. She has a shuffling gait and has experienced falls approximately twice a week. She denies any side effects from medications. Her symptoms are moderately severe throughout the day, with a slight worsening before going to sleep. She denies any nocturnal symptoms.
- Detailed history of non-motor symptoms: Mrs. Reed reports sleep problems, including difficulty falling asleep and frequent awakenings. She also reports mild memory and cognitive issues, including difficulty remembering recent events and word-finding difficulties. She denies any urinary symptoms, constipation, bowel habit changes, hallucinations, delusions, psychosis, impulse control disorders, pain, or neuropathy signs.
Medical history:
- Past medical and surgical history: Mrs. Reed has a history of hypertension, well-controlled with medication. She has no history of neurological diagnoses or surgeries.
- Allergies: No known drug allergies.
- Social history: Mrs. Reed is a retired teacher. She is a non-smoker and drinks alcohol occasionally. She has no history of recreational drug use. Her father had Parkinson's disease.
- Quality of life: Mrs. Reed reports that her quality of life has been significantly affected by her symptoms, particularly the falls and cognitive difficulties. She is hopeful that medical treatment will improve her mobility and cognitive function.
Medications:
- Current medications: Lisinopril 10mg daily, taken in the morning.
Clinical examination:
- Vitals: Blood pressure 130/80 mmHg, heart rate 72 bpm, respiratory rate 16 breaths/min, temperature 37°C.
- Clinical examination findings: General examination revealed an elderly female in no acute distress. Neurological examination revealed a mild bradykinesia and rigidity in the right upper extremity. Mental status examination showed mild cognitive impairment, with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 24/30. Cranial nerves II-XII were intact. Motor examination revealed mild cogwheel rigidity in the right arm and a resting tremor in the right hand. Strength was 5/5 in all extremities. Sensory examination was intact to light touch, pinprick, and vibration. Reflexes were 2+ and symmetrical. Coordination was intact. Gait examination revealed a slow, shuffling gait with reduced arm swing on the right side.
Investigations:
- Investigations with results: None performed at this time.
Diagnostic impression:
1. Parkinson's Disease
- Assessment: Based on the patient's history of progressive gait difficulties, right-sided resting tremor, cognitive decline, and the findings on neurological examination, the most likely diagnosis is Parkinson's disease. The rationale is based on the presence of cardinal motor features (tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia) and the supportive family history.
- Differential diagnosis: Essential tremor, drug-induced parkinsonism, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy.
Diagnostic plan:
- Investigations planned: I plan to order a DaTscan to assess for presynaptic dopaminergic function.
Treatment and Management plan:
- Medical treatment planned: I will discuss the initiation of levodopa/carbidopa to address motor symptoms. The dosage will be titrated based on the patient's response and tolerance. I will also consider prescribing a dopamine agonist.
- Lifestyle modifications: I will advise Mrs. Reed to engage in regular exercise, including aerobic and strength training, to improve her mobility and balance. I will also recommend that she maintain a healthy diet and ensure adequate sleep.
- Mention any referrals to specialties or services: I will refer Mrs. Reed to a physical therapist for gait training and fall prevention strategies. I will also refer her to an occupational therapist for assistance with activities of daily living.
- Follow-up appointments: I will schedule a follow-up appointment in three months to assess her response to treatment and adjust the management plan as needed.
2. Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Assessment: Mrs. Reed also presents with mild cognitive impairment, which may be related to Parkinson's disease or other underlying causes. Further evaluation and monitoring are warranted.
- Differential diagnosis: Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia.
Diagnostic plan:
- Investigations planned: I will consider ordering neuropsychological testing to further evaluate her cognitive function.
Treatment and Management plan:
- Medical treatment planned: I will discuss the potential benefits of cognitive enhancers, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, if appropriate.
- Lifestyle modifications: I will recommend cognitive training exercises and strategies to improve memory and cognitive function.
- Mention any referrals to specialties or services: I will refer Mrs. Reed to a neuropsychologist for further evaluation and cognitive rehabilitation.
- Follow-up appointments: I will schedule a follow-up appointment in six months to monitor her cognitive function.
Additional Notes:
- Patient education on the diagnosed condition: I will educate Mrs. Reed and her family about Parkinson's disease, including its symptoms, progression, and treatment options. I will explain the importance of medication adherence and lifestyle modifications.
- Instructions for monitoring and managing symptoms: I will instruct Mrs. Reed to monitor her symptoms and report any worsening or new symptoms to me. I will also provide instructions on how to manage side effects of medications.
- Any specific patient or family concerns addressed during the consultation: I addressed the family's concerns about Mrs. Reed's falls and cognitive decline. I reassured them that we would work together to manage her symptoms and improve her quality of life.
Sincerely,
Dr. [Your Name]
Neurologist
1 November 2024
RE: [insert patient full name]
Dear Dr [insert name of referring doctor]
Thanks for referring this patient for the review.
Accompanied by [name of accompanying person] (Only include if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
Referred by [name of referring doctor]
Although her/his history is well known to you, I will reiterate it for my records.
- [Insert reason(s) for consultation, including specific neurological concerns or symptoms such as headache, seizures, weakness, numbness, tingling, movement disorders, memory loss, etc.] (Only include reasons for consultation or neurological concerns if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
- [Detailed history of the presenting complaint(s), including tempo of onset, duration, progression, last time patients was feeling normal, severity, pattern of symptoms, aggravating/alleviating factors, associated neurological or systemic symptoms, any previous treatments and responses.] (Only include detailed history of presenting complaints if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
- [Detailed history of motor fluctuations during the day, including first hour in the morning, change in symptoms after first medication, degree of improvement, medication lasting effect in hours, presence or absence of dyskinesia, tremor, freezing of gait, shuffling gait, falls and frequency, presence of side effects of medications, symptom severity during the day, symptoms severity before going to sleep, nocturnal symptoms.] (Only include detailed history of presenting complaints if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
- [Detailed history of non-motor symptoms, sleep problems, memory or cognitive issues, urinary symptoms, constipation, bowel habits, hallucinations, delusions, psychosis, impulse control disorders, pain, neuropathy signs.] (Only include detailed history of presenting complaints if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
Medical history
- [Past medical and surgical history, highlighting any previous neurological diagnoses, brain or spinal surgeries, hospitalizations, outcomes, etc.] (Only include past medical and surgical history if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
- [Allergies, including allergies to medications (especially those affecting the nervous system), etc.] (Only include allergies if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
- [Social history, focusing on lifestyle factors, occupation, smoking, alcohol use, recreational drug use, family history of neurological diseases, etc.] (Only include social history if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
- [Quality of life, factors affecting quality of life, expectations with medical treatment] (Only include allergies if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
Medications
- [Current medications, time of intake, including any neuro-specific medications, over-the-counter medications, supplements, etc.] (Only include current medications if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
Clinical examination
- [Vitals] (Only include [vital signs] if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
- [Clinical examination findings, including general examination and focused neurological examination assessing mental status, Luria sequence, agnosia, apraxia, cranial nerves, oculomotor examination, motor system (strength, tone), sensory system, reflexes, coordination, gait, etc.] (Only include physical examination findings if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
Investigations
- [Investigations with results, including laboratory tests, imaging tests, Brain MRI electrodiagnostic tests (e.g., EEG, EMG), etc.] (Only include investigation results if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
Diagnostic impression
[1. Neurological Issue, syndrome or Condition]
- [Assessment, including the likely diagnosis and rationale based on subjective and objective findings with a focus on neurology.] (Only include assessment and rationale if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely. Never come up with your own assessment or diagnosis.)
- [Differential diagnosis.] (Only include differential diagnosis if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely. Never come up with your own differential diagnosis.)
Diagnostic plan
- [Investigations planned, including any imaging, electrodiagnostic testing, lumbar puncture, etc.] (Only include investigations planned if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
Treatment and Management plan
- [Medical treatment planned, including details such as medication, dosage, expected outcomes, potential side effects, etc.] (Only include medical treatment plan if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely. Never come up with your own medical treatment plan.)
- [Lifestyle modifications, including sleep hygiene, stress management, dietary advice, etc.] (Only include lifestyle modifications if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely. Never suggest your own lifestyle modifications.)
- [Mention any referrals to specialties or services.] (Only include referrals if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
- [Follow-up appointments, covering the expected timeline for review, monitoring response to treatment, and adjustment of management plans.] (Only include follow-up appointments if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
(Never come up with your own assessment or plan, always use the transcript and contextual notes for this.)
[2. Additional Neurological Issues or Conditions]
- [Follow the same structure as above for each additional issue or condition identified.] (Only include additional neurological issues or conditions if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
(Never come up with your own assessment or plan, always use the transcript and contextual notes for this.)
[Additional Notes:]
- [Patient education on the diagnosed condition, including explanation of the neurological disorder, its impact on daily life, potential complications, and the importance of treatment adherence.] (Only include patient education if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
- [Instructions for monitoring and managing symptoms, including when to seek urgent care for symptoms such as sudden worsening of condition, new seizures, or signs of stroke.] (Only include symptom management instructions if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
- [Any specific patient or family concerns addressed during the consultation.] (Only include specific patient or family concerns if explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes, or clinical note, otherwise omit completely.)
(Never come up with your own patient details, assessment, plan, interventions, evaluation, and plan for continuing care - use only the transcript, contextual notes or clinical note as a reference for the information included in your note. If any information related to a placeholder has not been explicitly mentioned in the transcript, contextual notes or clinical note, you must not state the information has not been explicitly mentioned in your output, just leave the relevant placeholder or omit the placeholder completely. Use as many lines, paragraphs or bullet points, depending on the format, as needed to capture all the relevant information from the transcript. Write in a detailed narrative, eloquent way and include all the information in structured paragraphs. Do not leave out any information written in the note. No bullet points or acronyms. Include everything that has been written in the history, past medical history, medications, allergies, social history, family history, physical examination, investigations, diagnostic impression and management plan into a structured paragraph. Do not summarise the physical examination.)